what does the channel tunnel connect england to
Channel Tunnel links Folkestone in England with Coquelles in northern French republic. Credit: Billy69150.
Eurostar carried eleven one thousand thousand passengers through the tunnel in 2018. Credit: Tom Corser.
Channel Tunnel's last at Cheriton near Folkestone in Kent, UK. Credit: Stephen Dawson.
The Channel Tunnel or Chunnel is a 50km-long undersea runway tunnel below the Strait of Dover in the English language Aqueduct.
Information technology is ane of the longest underwater tunnels in the earth and connects Folkestone in Kent, UK, with Coquelles in Pas-de-Calais, France. The average depth of the tunnel is 40m.
The construction of the tunnel began in 1986 and was completed in 1994. The project received an investment of £14.7bn. Approximately 500 trains run through the tunnel each day with a crossing fourth dimension of 35 minutes.
Getlink, formerly Groupe Eurotunnel, operates the tunnel and provides vehicle transport services, while Eurostar runs high-speed passenger trains.
In 2018, Eurostar carried approximately eleven one thousand thousand passengers and handled 2,077 rail freight trains in the tunnel. International freight trains also laissez passer through the tunnel.
Deutsche Bahn was supposed to run its loftier-speed Intercity-Express (Ice) trains through the tunnel. The German firm received approving from the Channel Tunnel Intergovernmental Commission in July 2013. The operator later cancelled its plans to introduce the service.
English Channel Tunnel project details
"In 2018, Eurostar carried 11 1000000 passengers through the tunnel."
The structure of a tunnel connecting the Britain and France was commencement proposed in 1802. The project did not have place due to the absence of appropriate tunnelling techniques. In 1955, both countries acknowledged the need for the tunnel.
In 1957, the Channel Tunnel Study Group was established to research the possibility of building a tunnel link.
Studies conducted by the group revealed that tunnelling could be carried out through the lower chalk stratum, geological sediment formed millions of years ago. The layer is less likely to fracture and plummet and contains dirt that prevents penetration of groundwater.
The project was officially launched in 1973 only abased in 1975 due to the fuel crisis. It was revived in 1984 and tenders were invited for construction of Chunnel.
A concession understanding was signed with Channel Tunnel Grouping and France-Manche for 55 years in 1986. In the same yr, the Eurotunnel Group was established to execute the projection.
The applied science, construction, procurement and project management services contract was awarded to Bechtel. A consortium called TransManche Link (TML) was awarded the construction contract.
The consortium included Balfour Beatty Constructions, Bouygues, Costain Ceremonious Engineering, Dumez, Société Auxiliaire d'Entreprises, Société Générale d'Entreprises, Spie Batignolles, Tarmac Constructions, Taylor Woodrow Structure and Wimpey Major Projects.
A total of 11 tunnel ho-hum machines, each weighing approximately 450t, were used to dig the tunnels. Following official inauguration in May 1994, first commercial services through the tunnel started in June 1994.
Channel Tunnel infrastructure
The tunnel below the Strait of Dover consists of two rail tunnels and one service tunnel, each 50km in length. The two rail tunnels accept a diameter of 7.6m and are located 30m apart.
"Getlink operates the tunnel and provides vehicle send services, while Eurostar runs high-speed passenger trains."
The service tunnel, with a diameter of 4.8m, is situated between the two track tunnels and 15m apart from each tunnel. The multifunctional service tunnel is used in case of emergencies and enables personnel to chop-chop attain the scene of an blow.
Each rail tunnel contains a single rail, overhead catenary and two walkways, which are used for emergency evacuation. The overhead ambit provides traction ability to the trains.
An undersea crossover is likewise provided in each tunnel, enabling trains to pass from ane tunnel to some other during maintenance operations.
Electricity is supplied to the trains, tunnels, lighting and drainage pumps by ii 160MW substations on both sides of the tunnel. If one substation breaks down, the other tin can provide electricity to the unabridged organization. The high, medium and low voltage supply requirements of the tunnel are met by 175 secondary substations.
Two terminals, at Coquelles and Folkestone, connect the runway system to other road and rails networks.
Rolling stock of English language Channel Tunnel
Chunnel is serviced by 58 electrical Brush / Bombardier locomotives, nine Bombardier passenger shuttles for cars and coaches, xviii truck shuttles or heavy goods vehicles shuttles and service locomotives.
Each electrical locomotive is 800m-long and features three bogies with 2 motorised axles. Each shuttle operating in the tunnel is fitted with ii locomotives on each side to complete the journey in case one of the locomotives breaks down.
The stainless steel rider shuttles consist of two parts – 1 to carry vehicles higher than 1.85m such as coaches and caravans on a single deck, and the other to comport cars and motorcycles on a double deck. Each shuttle has 24 carriages and four loading/unloading wagons. The shuttles were built by Bombardier, BN and ANF.
6 Breda-Fiat and nine Arbel blazon shuttles form the truck shuttles for the tunnel. Each shuttle has two locomotives and three loading/unloading wagons. The units also feature 30 wagons and each of them can carry a 44t truck.
The service locomotives include 24 rubber-tyre vehicles, which move on cast-in-place physical. They tin can travel upwards to a speed of 80km/h and are electronically guided by an embedded cable. The service locomotives bear maintenance operations.
Channel Tunnel signalling and control systems
The entire transport system in the English Channel tunnel is automated and controlled from 2 rail control centres (RCC) located at each last to manage rail traffic. Controllers are likewise installed in the organization for manual control in case of a technical failure.
"Information technology is 1 of the longest underwater tunnels in the world and connects Folkestone in Kent, UK, with Coquelles in Pas-de-Calais, France."
The RCC consists of two primary components, the rail traffic management (RTM) system and the engineering management organisation (EMS). The RTM manages runway traffic, while the European monetary system controls ventilation, lighting and other equipment.
A signalling system chosen TVM 430 is used in the tunnel for transmitting data from rail to train. Locomotive drivers receive instructions and data along the rail and through indicator lights in the cab.
Vigilance devices, automatic train protection systems and burn detection systems are also installed at several places throughout the tunnels.
Strait of Dover Chunnel communications
In December 2009, Alcatel-Clear-cut was awarded a contract to upgrade the communications infrastructure in the tunnel. As role of the €21.5m project, Alcatel-Clear-cut installed its GSM-R solution in the tunnel in time for the 2012 Olympics. The system helps to ameliorate the condom of the English Channel tunnel and communications efficiency between RCC and a train driver.
Mobile phone and internet services were launched inside the tunnel in July 2012. Alcatel-Lucent worked in collaboration with the French telecom operators Orange, SFR and Bouygues Telecomi to deliver the services.
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Source: https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/channel-tunnel/
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